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domingo, 30 de novembro de 2008
sábado, 29 de novembro de 2008
CodeProject: MIL HTML Parser. Free source code and programming help
CodeProject: MIL HTML Parser. Free source code and programming help
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IntroductionThis library produces a domain tree of a given HTML document, allowing the developer to navigate and change the document in an methodical way. In addition to the basic HTML production, this library can also be used to produce XHTML documents, as it includes an HTML 4 entity encoder. Included in this release is a demonstration application in VB.NET showing how to use the library. I hope that it is all fairly self-explanatory. BackgroundThis library was written to avoid having to convert a document into XML prior to reading, whilst preserving the distinct HTML qualities. This gets round some deployment issues I had with different platforms. Using the codeThe simplest way to use the code is to add it into your solution as a C# class library. There are no third-party dependencies so it is just a matter of adding the source files in. Alternatively, you can build the DLL and add it as a reference. Points of InterestThe XHTML production is fairly basic - there is no built-in DTD checking. So far, I have had no problems in the generation, but I'm keen on getting that sorted. History
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terça-feira, 25 de novembro de 2008
Learn Chinese and Chinese radicals
Learn Chinese and Chinese radicals
For an on-line Chinese dictionary with stroke order animations, please visit our "free talking Chinese dictionary" page
Learn Chinese
For an on-line Chinese dictionary with stroke order animations, please visit our "free talking Chinese dictionary" page
The strokes are to be written in a certain order. It is very few rules but it is well spend time to learn them since they make it easier to remember the character. Your character will also look better if you write them the right way. In China calligraphy is a higly regarded art form.
From top to bottom.
From left to right
Horizontally strokes before vertically.
Finish what inside the box before you close it.
From outside to inside.
Top left corner first.
Boxes are written before strokes that cut through.
If more than two vertical strokes two is written and then the cutting stroke and finally the last vertical stroke.
Top left dot first, bottom right dot last.
Top right dot is written last
Look at this character:
Home
PinYin and BoPoMoFo ZhuYin Equivalence
PinYin and BoPoMoFo ZhuYin Equivalence
Return to Prof. Nam Sun Wang's Home Page
Return to Chinese Resources/Links
PinYin and BoPoMoFo ZhuYin Equivalence
Forward comments to:
PinYin and BoPoMoFo ZhuYin Equivalence
There is a straight one-to-one correspondence between ZhuYin (BoPoMoFo) and PinYin (Chinese Romanization), with the few exceptions listed at the end of the next table. Despite the usually emotionally charged arguments (usually by those who do not bother to take the time to understand the differences across the Taiwan Strait), it is just a matter of choice of symbols to represent the many sounds in Chinese. In the following table, BoPoMoFo are coded in Big5 (because BoPoMoFo is not used in mainland China; thus, the corresponding GB coding does not contain these symbols). The table below lists the 37 BoPoMoFo phonetic symbols, along with the corresponding romanized equivalents. The first half are the consonants and the second half are the vowels. Note that ㄧ, ㄨ, and ㄩ can be both, and the corresponding PinYin are different.
| Consonants | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| ㄅ b | ㄆ p | ㄇ m | ㄈ f |
| ㄉ d | ㄊ t | ㄋ n | ㄌ l |
| ㄍ g | ㄎ k | ㄏ h | |
| ㄐ j | ㄑ q | ㄒ x | |
| ㄓ zh | ㄔ ch | ㄕ sh | ㄖ r |
| ㄗ z | ㄘ c | ㄙ s | |
| ㄧ y | ㄨ w | ㄩ yu | |
| Vowels | |||
| ㄧ i | ㄨ u | ㄩ u, u: | |
| ㄚ a | ㄛ o | ㄜ e | ㄝ e, e^ |
| ㄞ ai | ㄟ ei | ㄠ au | ㄡ ou |
| ㄢ an | ㄣ en | ㄤ ang | ㄥ eng |
| ㄦ er, r | |||
Exceptions for some vowels (but not consonants):
- i and ou (ㄧㄡ) combine to iu (e.g., 溜 liu)
- i and en (ㄧㄣ) combine to in (e.g., 林 lin)
- i and eng (ㄧㄥ) combine to ing (e.g., 令 ling)
- u and ei (ㄨㄟ) combine to ui (e.g., 雖 sui)
- u and en (ㄨㄣ) combine to un (e.g., 孫 sun)
- u and eng (ㄨㄥ) combine to ong (e.g., 松 song)
- er (ㄦ) at the end of a character becomes just r.
- Note that "u" stands for both wu (ㄨ) and yu (ㄩ), usually without any confusion. Exceptions are in combination with consonants "l" and "n" where a distinction needs to be made (路 lu and 綠 lu:) (奴 nu and 女 nu:) (In some pinyin input methods, we spell lu: and nu: instead with accent characters lü and nü or with non-accent characters lyu and nyu.)
- Note that "e" stands for both ㄜ and ㄝ, usually without any confusion. The only exception is when ㄝ is used alone as in 誒; in that case spell e^.
- In ZhuYin, ㄧ, ㄨ, and ㄩ can stand alone. In PinYin, combine the consonant and vowel, i.e., yi, wu, and yu, respectively.
- In ZhuYin, ㄓ, ㄔ, ㄕ, ㄖ, ㄗ, ㄘ, and ㄙ can stand alone. In PinYin, append "i" i.e., zhi, chi, shi, ri, zi, ci, and si, respectively.
The following table contains a complete set of all valid sounds in Mandarin, and BoPoMoFo, pinyin, etc. are the different ways of expressing the various sounds. The Big5 and GB characters in the table are only representative characters with that pronunciation. Many Chinese characters share an identical pronunciation. Conversely, there are sometimes multiple pronunciations for the same character. Note that many combinations of the consonants and vowels (e.g., "bui") are missing in Mandarin Chinese, unless you speak with a very strange accent or unless you are imitating the sounds of animals. One single font will not display the next table correctly; you need to switch fonts to view this page in Big5 (present setting), GB, and HZ codes (which you accomplish, for example, in Internet Explorer through the menu |View|Encoding|.
| Big5 | GB | HZ | ZhuYin | PinYin | Wade | Yale |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 啊 | 陛 | _ | ㄚ | A | A | A |
| 哀 | 飢 | ~{0'~} | ㄞ | Ai | Ai | Ai |
| 安 | 假 | ~{02~} | ㄢ | An | An | An |
| 骯 | 偎 | ~{09~} | ㄤ | Ang | Ang | Ang |
| 熬 | 偏 | _ | ㄠ | Ao | Ao | Ao |
| 八 | 匐 | ~{0K~} | ㄅㄚ | Ba | Pa | Ba |
| 白 | 啞 | ~{0W~} | ㄅㄞ | Bai | Pai | Bai |
| 扳 | 售 | ~{0b~} | ㄅㄢ | Ban | Pan | Ban |
| 邦 | 堊 | ~{0n~} | ㄅㄤ | Bang | Pang | Bang |
| 包 | 婦 | ~{0|~} | ㄅㄠ | Bao | Pao | Bau |
| 卑 | 掠 | ~{10~} | ㄅㄟ | Bei | Pei | Bei |
| 奔 | 掉 | ~{1<~} | ㄅㄣ | Ben | Pen | Ben |
| 崩 | 推 | ~{1@~} | ㄅㄥ | Beng | Peng | Beng |
| 逼 | 排 | ~{1F~} | ㄅㄧ | Bi | Pi | Bi |
| 編 | 晤 | ~{1`~} | ㄅㄧㄢ | Bian | Pien | Byan |
| 彪 | 梵 | ~{1k~} | ㄅㄧㄠ | Biao | Piao | Byau |
| 鱉 | 梱 | ~{1n~} | ㄅㄧㄝ | Bie | Pieh | Bye |
| 彬 | 梃 | ~{1r~} | ㄅㄧㄣ | Bin | Pin | Bin |
| 冰 | 梨 | ~{1y~} | ㄅㄧㄥ | Bing | Ping | Bing |
| 波 | 疏 | ~{2(~} | ㄅㄛ | Bo | Po | Bwo |
| 不 | 祥 | ~{2;~} | ㄅㄨ | Bu | Pu | Bu |
| 擦 | 笠 | ~{2A~} | ㄘㄚ | Ca | Ts'a | Tsa |
| 猜 | 笨 | ~{2B~} | ㄘㄞ | Cai | Ts'ai | Tsai |
| 參 | 統 | ~{2N~} | ㄘㄢ | Can | Ts'an | Tsan |
| 倉 | 累 | ~{2V~} | ㄘㄤ | Cang | Ts'ang | Tsang |
| 操 | 紱 | ~{2Y~} | ㄘㄠ | Cao | Ts'ao | Tsau |
| 冊 | 聊 | ~{2a~} | ㄘㄜ | Ce | Ts'e | Tse |
| 岑 | 嶍 | ~{a/~} | ㄘㄣ | Cen | Ts'en | Tsen |
| 曾 | 崠 | ~{Tx~} | ㄘㄥ | Ceng | Ts'eng | Tseng |
| 叉 | 脫 | ~{2f~} | ㄔㄚ | Cha | Ch'a | Cha |
| 拆 | 莞 | ~{2p~} | ㄔㄞ | Chai | Ch'ai | Chai |
| 摻 | 莖 | ~{2t~} | ㄔㄢ | Chan | Ch'an | Chan |
| 昌 | 荻 | ~{2}~} | ㄔㄤ | Chang | Ch'ang | Chang |
| 吵 | 陶 | ~{33~} | ㄔㄠ | Chao | Ch'ao | Chau |
| 車 | 陬 | ~{35~} | ㄔㄜ | Che | Ch'e | Che |
| 琛 | 銵 | ~{h!~} | ㄔㄣ | Chen | Ch'en | Chen |
| 稱 | 備 | ~{3F~} | ㄔㄥ | Cheng | Ch'eng | Cheng |
| 吃 | 勛 | ~{3T~} | ㄔ | Chi | Ch'ih | Chr |
| 充 | 喃 | ~{3d~} | ㄔㄨㄥ | Chong | Ch'ung | Chung |
| 抽 | 喲 | ~{3i~} | ㄔㄡ | Chou | Ch'ou | Chou |
| 出 | 堤 | ~{3v~} | ㄔㄨ | Chu | Ch'u | Chu |
| 揣 | 揮 | ~{4'~} | ㄔㄨㄞ | Chuai | Ch'uai | Chwai |
| 川 | 捶 | ~{4(~} | ㄔㄨㄢ | Chuan | Ch'uan | Chwan |
| 創 | 斐 | ~{44~} | ㄔㄨㄤ | Chuang | Ch'uang | Chwang |
| 吹 | 斯 | ~{45~} | ㄔㄨㄟ | Chui | Ch'ui | Chwei |
| 春 | 景 | ~{4:~} | ㄔㄨㄣ | Chun | Ch'un | Chwun |
| 綽 | 朝 | ~{4B~} | ㄔㄨㄛ | Chuo | Ch'o | Chwo |
| 疵 | 棺 | ~{4C~} | ㄘ | Ci | Tz'u | Tsz |
| 匆 | 棍 | ~{4R~} | ㄘㄨㄥ | Cong | Ts'ung | Tsung |
| 粗 | 棉 | ~{4V~} | ㄘㄨ | Cu | Ts'u | Tsu |
| 竄 | 欽 | ~{4\~} | ㄘㄨㄢ | Cuan | Ts'uan | Tswan |
| 崔 | 殖 | ~{4^~} | ㄘㄨㄟ | Cui | Ts'ui | Tswei |
| 村 | 游 | ~{4e~} | ㄘㄨㄣ | Cun | Ts'un | Tswun |
| 撮 | 湧 | ~{4i~} | ㄘㄨㄛ | Cuo | Ts'o | Tswo |
| 答 | 湘 | ~{4p~} | ㄉㄚ | Da | Ta | Da |
| 呆 | 渭 | ~{4t~} | ㄉㄞ | Dai | Tai | Dai |
| 丹 | 竣 | ~{5$~} | ㄉㄢ | Dan | Tan | Dan |
| 當 | 絞 | ~{51~} | ㄉㄤ | Dang | Tang | Dang |
| 刀 | 絮 | ~{56~} | ㄉㄠ | Dao | Tao | Dau |
| 得 | 腕 | ~{5C~} | ㄉㄜ | De | Te | De |
| 得 | 腕 | ~{5C~} | ㄉㄟ | Dei | Tei | Dei |
| 登 | 腎 | ~{5G~} | ㄉㄥ | Deng | Teng | Deng |
| 低 | 腴 | ~{5M~} | ㄉㄧ | Di | Ti | Di |
| 滇 | 菲 | ~{5a~} | ㄉㄧㄢ | Dian | Tien | Dyan |
| 刁 | 街 | ~{5s~} | ㄉㄧㄠ | Diao | Tiao | Dyau |
| 爹 | 註 | ~{5y~} | ㄉㄧㄝ | Die | Tieh | Dye |
| 丁 | 間 | ~{6!~} | ㄉㄧㄥ | Ding | Ting | Ding |
| 丟 | 隍 | ~{6*~} | ㄉㄧㄡ | Diu | Tiu | Dyou |
| 冬 | 隄 | ~{6,~} | ㄉㄨㄥ | Dong | Tung | Dung |
| 兜 | 項 | ~{65~} | ㄉㄡ | Dou | Tou | Dou |
| 督 | 飭 | ~{6=~} | ㄉㄨ | Du | Tu | Du |
| 端 | 傷 | ~{6K~} | ㄉㄨㄢ | Duan | Tuan | Dwan |
| 堆 | 剽 | ~{6Q~} | ㄉㄨㄟ | Dui | Tui | Dwei |
| 敦 | 嗟 | ~{6X~} | ㄉㄨㄣ | Dun | Tun | Dwun |
| 多 | 嗣 | ~{6`~} | ㄉㄨㄛ | Duo | To | Dwo |
| 誒 | 睎 | _ | ㄝ | E | E | E |
| 娥 | 塔 | ~{6p~} | ㄜ | E | E | E |
| 誒 | 睎 | _ | ㄟ | Ei | Ei | Ei |
| 恩 | 塋 | ~{6w~} | ㄣ | En | En | En |
| 鞥 | 典 | _ | ㄥ | Eng | Eng | Eng |
| 兒 | 嫁 | ~{6y~} | ㄦ | Er | Erh | Er |
| 伐 | 極 | ~{7%~} | ㄈㄚ | Fa | Fa | Fa |
| 反 | 毀 | ~{74~} | ㄈㄢ | Fan | Fan | Fan |
| 方 | 源 | ~{7=~} | ㄈㄤ | Fang | Fang | Fang |
| 妃 | 漦 | ~{ez~} | ㄈㄟ | Fei | Fei | Fei |
| 分 | 煦 | ~{7V~} | ㄈㄣ | Fen | Fen | Fen |
| 丰 | 猿 | ~{7a~} | ㄈㄥ | Feng | Feng | Feng |
| 佛 | 痰 | ~{7p~} | ㄈㄛ | Fo | Fo | Fwo |
| 浮 | 腹 | ~{8!~} | ㄈㄡ | Fou | Fou | Fou |
| 仆 | 幺 | ~{FM~} | ㄈㄨ | Fu | Fu | Fu |
| 尬 | 痸 | ~{^N~} | ㄍㄚ | Ga | Ka | Ga |
| 垓 | 跍 | ~{[r~} | ㄍㄞ | Gai | Kai | Gai |
| 干 | 補 | ~{8I~} | ㄍㄢ | Gan | Kan | Gan |
| 亢 | 蕩 | ~{?:~} | ㄍㄤ | Gang | Kang | Gang |
| 高 | 詢 | ~{8_~} | ㄍㄠ | Gao | Kao | Gau |
| 戈 | 資 | ~{8j~} | ㄍㄜ | Ge | Ke | Ge |
| 給 | 跤 | ~{8x~} | ㄍㄟ | Gei | Kei | Gei |
| 根 | 跦 | ~{8y~} | ㄍㄣ | Gen | Ken | Gen |
| 耕 | 較 | ~{8{~} | ㄍㄥ | Geng | Keng | Geng |
| 工 | 馱 | ~{9$~} | ㄍㄨㄥ | Gong | Kung | Gung |
| 勾 | 僑 | ~{94~} | ㄍㄡ | Gou | Kou | Gou |
| 估 | 嘛 | ~{9@~} | ㄍㄨ | Gu | Ku | Gu |
| 瓜 | 圖 | ~{9O~} | ㄍㄨㄚ | Gua | Kua | Gwa |
| 乖 | 墊 | ~{9T~} | ㄍㄨㄞ | Guai | Kuai | Gwai |
| 官 | 夥 | ~{9Y~} | ㄍㄨㄢ | Guan | Kuan | Gwan |
| 光 | 嫖 | ~{9b~} | ㄍㄨㄤ | Guang | Kuang | Gwang |
| 圭 | 寧 | ~{9g~} | ㄍㄨㄟ | Gui | Kuei | Gwei |
| 滾 | 幗 | ~{9v~} | ㄍㄨㄣ | Gun | Kun | Gwun |
| 郭 | 廖 | ~{9y~} | ㄍㄨㄛ | Guo | Kuo | Gwo |
| 哈 | 慇 | ~{9~~} | ㄏㄚ | Ha | Ha | Ha |
| 孩 | 滯 | ~{:"~} | ㄏㄞ | Hai | Hai | Hai |
| 酣 | 漕 | ~{:(~} | ㄏㄢ | Han | Han | Han |
| 夯 | 獄 | ~{:;~} | ㄏㄤ | Hang | Hang | Hang |
| 壕 | 瑣 | ~{:>~} | ㄏㄠ | Hao | Hao | Hau |
| 呵 | 瘉 | ~{:G~} | ㄏㄜ | He | He | He |
| 黑 | 窪 | ~{:Z~} | ㄏㄟ | Hei | Hei | Hei |
| 痕 | 窩 | ~{:[~} | ㄏㄣ | Hen | Hen | Hen |
| 亨 | 箋 | ~{:`~} | ㄏㄥ | Heng | Heng | Heng |
| 哄 | 箏 | ~{:e~} | ㄏㄨㄥ | Hong | Hung | Hung |
| 侯 | 綜 | ~{:n~} | ㄏㄡ | Hou | Hou | Hou |
| 乎 | 綱 | ~{:u~} | ㄏㄨ | Hu | Hu | Hu |
| 化 | 趙 | ~{;/~} | ㄏㄨㄚ | Hua | Hua | Hwa |
| 徊 | 輔 | ~{;2~} | ㄏㄨㄞ | Huai | Huai | Hwai |
| 歡 | 辣 | ~{;6~} | ㄏㄨㄢ | Huan | Huan | Hwan |
| 肓 | 蹅 | ~{kA~} | ㄏㄨㄤ | Huang | Huang | Hwang |
| 灰 | 閡 | ~{;R~} | ㄏㄨㄟ | Hui | Hui | Hwei |
| 昏 | 餉 | ~{;h~} | ㄏㄨㄣ | Hun | Hun | Hwun |
| 豁 | 魁 | ~{;m~} | ㄏㄨㄛ | Huo | Huo | Hwo |
| 几 | 撓 | ~{<8~} | ㄐㄧ | Ji | Chi | Ji |
| 加 | 樓 | ~{ | ㄐㄧㄚ | Jia | Chia | Jya |
| 奸 | 潮 | ~{ | ㄐㄧㄢ | Jian | Chien | Jyan |
| 江 | 蔬 | ~{=-~} | ㄐㄧㄤ | Jiang | Chiang | Jyang |
| 交 | 蝠 | ~{=;~} | ㄐㄧㄠ | Jiao | Chiao | Jyau |
| 皆 | 諂 | ~{=T~} | ㄐㄧㄝ | Jie | Chieh | Jye |
| 巾 | 踫 | ~{=m~} | ㄐㄧㄣ | Jin | Chin | Jin |
| 京 | 儔 | ~{>)~} | ㄐㄧㄥ | Jing | Ching | Jing |
| 窘 | 噬 | ~{>=~} | ㄐㄩㄥ | Jiong | Chiung | Jyung |
| 九 | 嬝 | ~{>E~} | ㄐㄧㄡ | Jiu | Chiu | Jyou |
| 居 | 懈 | ~{>S~} | ㄐㄩ | Ju | Chu: | Jyu |
| 娟 | 樽 | ~{>j~} | ㄐㄩㄢ | Juan | Chuan: | Jywan |
| 孓 | 箵 | ~{f^~} | ㄐㄩㄝ | Jue | Chueh: | Jywe |
| 君 | 澱 | ~{>}~} | ㄐㄩㄣ | Jun | Chun: | Jyun |
| 卡 | 縐 | ~{?(~} | ㄎㄚ | Ka | K'a | Ka |
| 開 | 羲 | ~{?*~} | ㄎㄞ | Kai | K'ai | Kai |
| 刊 | 膳 | ~{?/~} | ㄎㄢ | Kan | K'an | Kan |
| 康 | 艙 | ~{?5~} | ㄎㄤ | Kang | K'ang | Kang |
| 考 | 蕉 | ~{?<~} | ㄎㄠ | Kao | K'ao | Kau |
| 刻 | 覦 | ~{?L~} | ㄎㄜ | Ke | K'e | Ke |
| 肯 | 諫 | ~{?O~} | ㄎㄣ | Ken | K'en | Ken |
| 坑 | 諧 | ~{?S~} | ㄎㄥ | Keng | K'eng | Keng |
| 空 | 諾 | ~{?U~} | ㄎㄨㄥ | Kong | K'ung | Kung |
| 口 | 諳 | ~{?Z~} | ㄎㄡ | Kou | K'ou | Kou |
| 枯 | 豫 | ~{?]~} | ㄎㄨ | Ku | K'u | Ku |
| 夸 | 蹂 | ~{?d~} | ㄎㄨㄚ | Kua | K'ua | Kwa |
| 快 | 辦 | ~{?l~} | ㄎㄨㄞ | Kuai | K'uai | Kwai |
| 寬 | 遵 | ~{?m~} | ㄎㄨㄢ | Kuan | K'uan | Kwan |
| 匡 | 選 | ~{?o~} | ㄎㄨㄤ | Kuang | K'uang | Kwang |
| 盔 | 錳 | ~{?x~} | ㄎㄨㄟ | Kui | K'uei | Kwei |
| 坤 | 壑 | ~{@$~} | ㄎㄨㄣ | Kun | K'un | Kwun |
| 括 | 嬤 | ~{@(~} | ㄎㄨㄛ | Kuo | K'uo | Kwo |
| 拉 | 嶺 | ~{@-~} | ㄌㄚ | La | La | La |
| 來 | 懂 | ~{@4~} | ㄌㄞ | Lai | Lai | Lai |
| 婪 | 懋 | ~{@7~} | ㄌㄢ | Lan | Lan | Lan |
| 郎 | 檔 | ~{@I~} | ㄌㄤ | Lang | Lang | Lang |
| 撈 | 檜 | ~{@L~} | ㄌㄠ | Lao | Lao | Lau |
| 勒 | 毚 | ~{@U~} | ㄌㄜ | Le | Le | Le |
| 淚 | 濡 | ~{@a~} | ㄌㄟ | Lei | Lei | Lei |
| 愣 | 蒹 | ~{c6~} | ㄌㄥ | Leng | Leng | Leng |
| 哩 | 薇 | ~{A(~} | ㄌㄧ | Li | Li | Li |
| 倆 | 薨 | ~{A)~} | ㄌㄧㄚ | Lia | Lia | Lya |
| 連 | 蟀 | ~{A,~} | ㄌㄧㄢ | Lian | Lien | Lyan |
| 良 | 謎 | ~{A<~} | ㄌㄧㄤ | Liang | Liang | Lyang |
| 撩 | 謄 | ~{AC~} | ㄌㄧㄠ | Liao | Liao | Lyau |
| 咧 | 萻 | ~{_V~} | ㄌㄧㄝ | Lie | Lieh | Lye |
| 林 | 輿 | ~{AV~} | ㄌㄧㄣ | Lin | Lin | Lin |
| 令 | 鍔 | ~{An~} | ㄌㄧㄥ | Ling | Ling | Ling |
| 溜 | 闊 | ~{Ao~} | ㄌㄧㄡ | Liu | Liu | Lyou |
| 隆 | 癒 | ~{B!~} | ㄌㄨㄥ | Long | Lung | Lung |
| 摟 | 禮 | ~{B'~} | ㄌㄡ | Lou | Lou | Lou |
| 盧 | 竅 | ~{B,~} | ㄌㄨ | Lu | Lu | Lu |
| 巒 | 蟬 | ~{BM~} | ㄌㄨㄢ | Luan | Luan | Lwan |
| 掠 | 謨 | ~{BS~} | ㄌㄩㄝ | Lue: | Lueh: | Lywe |
| 掄 | 謬 | ~{BU~} | ㄌㄨㄣ | Lun | Lun | Lwun |
| 囉 | 蹕 | ~{B^~} | ㄌㄨㄛ | Luo | Luo | Lwo |
| 媽 | 鎔 | ~{Bh~} | ㄇㄚ | Ma | Ma | Ma |
| 埋 | 鎚 | ~{Bq~} | ㄇㄞ | Mai | Mai | Mai |
| 顢 | 簼 | ~{r)~} | ㄇㄢ | Man | Man | Man |
| 忙 | 疆 | ~{C&~} | ㄇㄤ | Mang | Mang | Mang |
| 貓 | 癡 | ~{C(~} | ㄇㄠ | Mao | Mao | Mau |
| 沒 | 羶 | ~{C;~} | ㄇㄟ | Mei | Mei | Mei |
| 悶 | 蟻 | ~{CF~} | ㄇㄣ | Men | Men | Men |
| 矇 | 蟹 | ~{CI~} | ㄇㄥ | Meng | Meng | Meng |
| 咪 | 蛷 | ~{_d~} | ㄇㄧ | Mi | Mi | Mi |
| 眠 | 蹺 | ~{C_~} | ㄇㄧㄢ | Mian | Mien | Myan |
| 喵 | 裚 | ~{_w~} | ㄇㄧㄠ | Miao | Miao | Myau |
| 羋 | 娷 | ~{XB~} | ㄇㄧㄝ | Mie | Mieh | Mye |
| 民 | 鏍 | ~{Cq~} | ㄇㄧㄣ | Min | Min | Min |
| 名 | 靡 | ~{C{~} | ㄇㄧㄥ | Ming | Ming | Ming |
| 謬 | 韻 | ~{C}~} | ㄇㄧㄡ | Miu | Miu | Myou |
| 摸 | 類 | ~{C~~} | ㄇㄛ | Mo | Mo | Mwo |
| 牟 | 觸 | ~{D2~} | ㄇㄡ | Mou | Mou | Mou |
| 木 | 躂 | ~{D>~} | ㄇㄨ | Mu | Mu | Mu |
| 那 | 饒 | ~{DG~} | ㄋㄚ | Na | Na | Na |
| 乃 | 騰 | ~{DK~} | ㄋㄞ | Nai | Nai | Nai |
| 男 | 鹹 | ~{DP~} | ㄋㄢ | Nan | Nan | Nan |
| 囊 | 黨 | ~{DR~} | ㄋㄤ | Nang | Nang | Nang |
| 惱 | 齣 | ~{DU~} | ㄋㄠ | Nao | Nao | Nau |
| 內 | 囀 | ~{DZ~} | ㄋㄟ | Nei | Nei | Nei |
| 能 | 夔 | ~{D\~} | ㄋㄥ | Neng | Neng | Neng |
| 尼 | 攝 | ~{Da~} | ㄋㄧ | Ni | Ni | Ni |
| 年 | 爛 | ~{Dj~} | ㄋㄧㄢ | Nian | Nien | Nyan |
| 娘 | 矓 | ~{Do~} | ㄋㄧㄤ | Niang | Niang | Nyang |
| 鳥 | 纏 | ~{Dq~} | ㄋㄧㄠ | Niao | Niao | Nyau |
| 捏 | 羼 | ~{Ds~} | ㄋㄧㄝ | Nie | Nieh | Nye |
| 您 | 蠟 | ~{Dz~} | ㄋㄧㄣ | Nin | Nin | Nin |
| 寧 | 譴 | ~{D~~} | ㄋㄧㄥ | Ning | Ning | Ning |
| 牛 | 籟 | ~{E#~} | ㄋㄧㄡ | Niu | Niu | Nyou |
| 農 | 觼 | ~{E)~} | ㄋㄨㄥ | Nong | Nung | Nung |
| 耨 | 嚭 | ~{qq~} | ㄋㄨㄡ | Nou | Nou | Nou |
| 奴 | 贖 | ~{E+~} | ㄋㄨ | Nu | Nu | Nu |
| 女 | 躓 | ~{E.~} | ㄋㄩ | Nu: | Nu: | Nyu |
| 暖 | 轡 | ~{E/~} | ㄋㄨㄢ | Nuan | Nuan | Nwan |
| 虐 | 酈 | ~{E0~} | ㄋㄩㄝ | Nue: | Nueh: | Nywe |
| 挪 | 鑑 | ~{E2~} | ㄋㄨㄛ | Nuo | No | Nwo |
| 偶 | 髒 | ~{E<~} | ㄡ | Ou | Ou | Ou |
| 芭 | 剪 | ~{0E~} | ㄆㄚ | Pa | P'a | Pa |
| 拍 | 鼴 | ~{ED~} | ㄆㄞ | Pai | P'ai | Pai |
| 潘 | 攣 | ~{EK~} | ㄆㄢ | Pan | P'an | Pan |
| 乓 | 籤 | ~{ER~} | ㄆㄤ | Pang | P'ang | Pang |
| 拋 | 纔 | ~{EW~} | ㄆㄠ | Pao | P'ao | Pau |
| 坏 | 輓 | ~{;5~} | ㄆㄟ | Pei | P'ei | Pei |
| 噴 | 驗 | ~{Eg~} | ㄆㄣ | Pen | P'en | Pen |
| 朋 | 攬 | ~{Es~} | ㄆㄥ | Peng | P'eng | Peng |
| 匹 | ⑤ | ~{F%~} | ㄆㄧ | Pi | P'i | Pi |
| 片 | ⑵ | ~{F,~} | ㄆㄧㄢ | Pian | P'ien | Pyan |
| 票 | ⑺ | ~{F1~} | ㄆㄧㄠ | Piao | P'iao | Pyau |
| 撇 | ⑻ | ~{F2~} | ㄆㄧㄝ | Pie | P'ieh | Pye |
| 拚 | 皙 | ~{^U~} | ㄆㄧㄣ | Pin | P'in | Pin |
| 乒 | ⅴ | ~{F9~} | ㄆㄧㄥ | Ping | P'ing | Ping |
| 坡 | 亠 | ~{FB~} | ㄆㄛ | Po | P'o | Pwo |
| 剖 | 夊 | ~{FJ~} | ㄆㄡ | Pou | P'ou | Pou |
| 仆 | 幺 | ~{FM~} | ㄆㄨ | Pu | P'u | Pu |
| 七 | 仝 | ~{F_~} | ㄑㄧ | Qi | Ch'i | Chi |
| 掐 | じ | ~{F~~} | ㄑㄧㄚ | Qia | Ch'ia | Chya |
| 千 | カ | ~{G'~} | ㄑㄧㄢ | Qian | Ch'ien | Chyan |
| 羌 | ダ | ~{G<~} | ㄑㄧㄤ | Qiang | Ch'iang | Chyang |
| 悄 | ト | ~{GD~} | ㄑㄧㄠ | Qiao | Ch'iao | Chyau |
| 切 | ピ | ~{GP~} | ㄑㄧㄝ | Qie | Ch'ieh | Chye |
| 侵 | ペ | ~{GV~} | ㄑㄧㄣ | Qin | Ch'in | Chin |
| 青 | ヤ | ~{G`~} | ㄑㄧㄥ | Qing | Ch'ing | Ching |
| 穹 | 騇 | ~{q7~} | ㄑㄩㄥ | Qiong | Ch'iung | Chyung |
| 丘 | ヴ | ~{Gp~} | ㄑㄧㄡ | Qiu | Ch'iu | Chyou |
| 曲 | Ж | ~{Gz~} | ㄑㄩ | Qu | Ch'u: | Chyu |
| 圈 | | ~{H&~} | ㄑㄩㄢ | Quan | Ch'uan: | Chywan |
| 缺 | ゛ | ~{H1~} | ㄑㄩㄝ | Que | Ch'ueh: | Chywe |
| 群 | ｢ | ~{H:~} | ㄑㄩㄣ | Qun | Ch'un: | Chyun |
| 然 | ｣ | ~{H;~} | ㄖㄢ | Ran | Jan | Ran |
| 嚷 | ｪ | ~{HB~} | ㄖㄤ | Rang | Jang | Rang |
| 嬈 | 甈 | ~{f,~} | ㄖㄠ | Rao | Jao | Rau |
| 熱 | ｰ | ~{HH~} | ㄖㄜ | Re | Je | Re |
| 人 | ｳ | ~{HK~} | ㄖㄣ | Ren | Jen | Ren |
| 扔 | ℡ | ~{HS~} | ㄖㄥ | Reng | Jeng | Reng |
| 日 | ｶ | ~{HU~} | ㄖ | Ri | Jih | R |
| 戎 | ｷ | ~{HV~} | ㄖㄨㄥ | Rong | Jung | Rung |
| 柔 | ﾂ | ~{Ha~} | ㄖㄡ | Rou | Jou | Rou |
| 如 | ﾈ | ~{Hg~} | ㄖㄨ | Ru | Ju | Ru |
| 阮 | ﾏ | ~{Hn~} | ㄖㄨㄢ | Ruan | Juan | Rwan |
| 瑞 | ﾑ | ~{Hp~} | ㄖㄨㄟ | Rui | Jui | Rwei |
| 閏 | ﾓ | ~{Hr~} | ㄖㄨㄣ | Run | Jun | Rwun |
| 若 | ﾕ | ~{Ht~} | ㄖㄨㄛ | Ruo | Jo | Rwo |
| 卅 | 埵 | ~{X&~} | ㄙㄚ | Sa | Sa | Sa |
| 塞 | ﾜ | ~{H{~} | ㄙㄞ | Sai | Sai | Sai |
| 三 | ﾞ | ~{H}~} | ㄙㄢ | San | San | San |
| 桑 | 氿 | ~{I#~} | ㄙㄤ | Sang | Sang | Sang |
| 搔 | 犰 | ~{I&~} | ㄙㄠ | Sao | Sao | Sau |
| 色 | 伎 | ~{I+~} | ㄙㄜ | Se | Se | Se |
| 森 | 伬 | ~{I-~} | ㄙㄣ | Sen | Sen | Sen |
| 僧 | 仵 | ~{I.~} | ㄙㄥ | Seng | Seng | Seng |
| 沙 | 伈 | ~{I3~} | ㄕㄚ | Sha | Sha | Sha |
| 晒 | 伄 | ~{I9~} | ㄕㄞ | Shai | Shai | Shai |
| 山 | 刓 | ~{I=~} | ㄕㄢ | Shan | Shan | Shan |
| 商 | 妀 | ~{IL~} | ㄕㄤ | Shang | Shang | Shang |
| 捎 | 孖 | ~{IS~} | ㄕㄠ | Shao | Shao | Shau |
| 奢 | 异 | ~{I]~} | ㄕㄜ | She | She | She |
| 誰 | 阰 | ~{K-~} | ㄕㄟ | Shei | Shei | Shei |
| 申 | 扠 | ~{Ij~} | ㄕㄣ | Shen | Shen | Shen |
| 升 | 汔 | ~{I}~} | ㄕㄥ | Sheng | Sheng | Sheng |
| 尸 | 坌 | ~{J,~} | ㄕ | Shi | Shih | Shr |
| 收 | 彶 | ~{JU~} | ㄕㄡ | Shou | Shou | Shou |
| 書 | 抎 | ~{Ji~} | ㄕㄨ | Shu | Shu | Shu |
| 刷 | 芃 | ~{K"~} | ㄕㄨㄚ | Shua | Shua | Shwa |
| 衰 | 迉 | ~{K%~} | ㄕㄨㄞ | Shuai | Shuai | Shwai |
| 拴 | 邥 | ~{K)~} | ㄕㄨㄢ | Shuan | Shuan | Shwan |
| 霜 | 邞 | ~{K*~} | ㄕㄨㄤ | Shuang | Shuang | Shwang |
| 誰 | 阰 | ~{K-~} | ㄕㄨㄟ | Shui | Shui | Shwei |
| 吮 | 丳 | ~{K1~} | ㄕㄨㄣ | Shun | Shun | Shwun |
| 說 | 佽 | ~{K5~} | ㄕㄨㄛ | Shuo | Shuo | Shwo |
| 司 | 侗 | ~{K>~} | ㄙ | Si | Ssu | Sz |
| 松 | 碪 | ~{bl~} | ㄙㄨㄥ | Song | Sung | Sung |
| 叟 | 袹 | ~{[E~} | ㄙㄡ | Sou | Sou | Sou |
| 疏 | 抌 | ~{Jh~} | ㄙㄨ | Su | Su | Su |
| 酸 | 呫 | ~{Ka~} | ㄙㄨㄢ | Suan | Suan | Swan |
| 雖 | 呥 | ~{Kd~} | ㄙㄨㄟ | Sui | Sui | Swei |
| 孫 | 呤 | ~{Ko~} | ㄙㄨㄣ | Sun | Sun | Swun |
| 唆 | 坭 | ~{Kt~} | ㄙㄨㄛ | Suo | So | Swo |
| 他 | 坻 | ~{K{~} | ㄊㄚ | Ta | T'a | Ta |
| 台 | 怢 | ~{L(~} | ㄊㄞ | Tai | T'ai | Tai |
| 坍 | 怌 | ~{L.~} | ㄊㄢ | Tan | T'an | Tan |
| 湯 | 抸 | ~{L@~} | ㄊㄤ | Tang | T'ang | Tang |
| 桃 | 朊 | ~{LR~} | ㄊㄠ | Tao | T'ao | Tau |
| 特 | 杻 | ~{LX~} | ㄊㄜ | Te | T'e | Te |
| 騰 | 枆 | ~{LZ~} | ㄊㄥ | Teng | T'eng | Teng |
| 剔 | 枌 | ~{L^~} | ㄊㄧ | Ti | T'i | Ti |
| 天 | 毞 | ~{Ll~} | ㄊㄧㄢ | Tian | T'ien | Tyan |
| 佻 | 椄 | ~{Y,~} | ㄊㄧㄠ | Tiao | T'iao | Tyau |
| 帖 | 泃 | ~{L{~} | ㄊㄧㄝ | Tie | T'ieh | Tye |
| 聽 | 泭 | ~{L}~} | ㄊㄧㄥ | Ting | T'ing | Ting |
| 同 | 肮 | ~{M,~} | ㄊㄨㄥ | Tong | T'ung | Tung |
| 偷 | 芚 | ~{M5~} | ㄊㄡ | Tou | T'ou | Tou |
| 禿 | 芮 | ~{M:~} | ㄊㄨ | Tu | T'u | Tu |
| 團 | 芶 | ~{ME~} | ㄊㄨㄢ | Tuan | T'uan | Twan |
| 推 | 芢 | ~{MF~} | ㄊㄨㄟ | Tui | T'ui | Twei |
| 吞 | 迒 | ~{ML~} | ㄊㄨㄣ | Tun | T'un | Twun |
| 佗 | 晬 | ~{Y"~} | ㄊㄨㄛ | Tuo | T'o | Two |
| 娃 | 俅 | ~{M^~} | ㄨㄚ | Wa | Wa | Wa |
| 歪 | 俉 | ~{Ma~} | ㄨㄞ | Wai | Wai | Wai |
| 剜 | 嵑 | ~{X`~} | ㄨㄢ | Wan | Wan | Wan |
| 亡 | 厗 | ~{Mv~} | ㄨㄤ | Wang | Wang | Wang |
| 委 | 巹 | ~{N/~} | ㄨㄟ | Wei | Wei | Wei |
| 文 | 恅 | ~{ND~} | ㄨㄣ | Wen | Wen | Wen |
| 翁 | 恟 | ~{NL~} | ㄨㄥ | Weng | Weng | Weng |
| 倭 | 椑 | ~{YA~} | ㄨㄛ | Wo | O | O |
| 圬 | 訹 | ~{[X~} | ㄨ | Wu | Wu | Wu |
| 兮 | 殽 | ~{Yb~} | ㄒㄧ | Xi | Hsi | Xyi |
| 匣 | 牰 | ~{O;~} | ㄒㄧㄚ | Xia | Hsia | Sya |
| 仙 | 珈 | ~{OI~} | ㄒㄧㄢ | Xian | Hsien | Syan |
| 相 | 眈 | ~{O`~} | ㄒㄧㄤ | Xiang | Hsiang | Syang |
| 削 | 祅 | ~{Ow~} | ㄒㄧㄠ | Xiao | Hsiao | Syau |
| 些 | 虳 | ~{P)~} | ㄒㄧㄝ | Xie | Hsieh | Sye |
| 心 | 陑 | ~{PD~} | ㄒㄧㄣ | Xin | Hsin | Syin |
| 星 | 陎 | ~{PG~} | ㄒㄧㄥ | Hsin | Sying | |
| 凶 | 倜 | ~{PW~} | ㄒㄩㄥ | Xiong | Hsiung | Syung |
| 休 | 倎 | ~{P]~} | ㄒㄧㄡ | Xiu | Hsiu | Syou |
| 徐 | 剢 | ~{Pl~} | ㄒㄩ | Xu | Hsu: | Syu |
| 宣 | 哫 | ~{P{~} | ㄒㄩㄢ | Xuan | Hsuan: | Sywan |
| 靴 | 悒 | ~{Q%~} | ㄒㄩㄝ | Xue | Hsueh: | Sywe |
| 勛 | 悗 | ~{Q+~} | ㄒㄩㄣ | Xun | Hsun: | Syun |
| 丫 | 挩 | ~{Q>~} | ㄧㄚ | Ya | Ya | Ya |
| 奄 | 栟 | ~{QY~} | ㄧㄢ | Yan | Yan | Yan |
| 央 | 栝 | ~{Qk~} | ㄧㄤ | Yang | Yang | Yang |
| 堯 | 牶 | ~{R"~} | ㄧㄠ | Yao | Yao | Yau |
| 夜 | 珗 | ~{R9~} | ㄧㄝ | Ye | Yeh | Ye |
| 一 | 珨 | ~{R;~} | ㄧ | Yi | I | Yi |
| 因 | 秪 | ~{Rr~} | ㄧㄣ | Yin | Yin | Yin |
| 英 | 荎 | ~{S"~} | ㄧㄥ | Ying | Ying | Ying |
| 邕 | 諅 | ~{g_~} | ㄩㄥ | Yong | Yung | Yung |
| 攸 | 惎 | ~{X|~} | ㄧㄡ | You | Yu | You |
| 迂 | 衯 | ~{SX~} | ㄩ | Yu | Yu: | Yu |
| 元 | 啋 | ~{T*~} | ㄩㄢ | Yuan | Yuan: | Ywan |
| 月 | 堎 | ~{TB~} | ㄩㄝ | Yue | Yueh: | Ywe |
| 暈 | 婠 | ~{TN~} | ㄩㄣ | Yun | Yun: | Yun |
| 匝 | 婧 | ~{TQ~} | ㄗㄚ | Za | Tsa | Dza |
| 災 | 婐 | ~{TV~} | ㄗㄞ | Zai | Tsai | Dzai |
| 簪 | 穮 | ~{t"~} | ㄗㄢ | Zan | Tsan | Dzan |
| 臧 | 穈 | ~{j0~} | ㄗㄤ | Zang | Tsang | Dzang |
| 遭 | 婈 | ~{Tb~} | ㄗㄠ | Zao | Tsao | Dzau |
| 則 | 寀 | ~{Tr~} | ㄗㄜ | Ze | Tse | Dze |
| 賊 | 崞 | ~{Tt~} | ㄗㄟ | Zei | Tsei | Dzei |
| 怎 | 崋 | ~{Tu~} | ㄗㄣ | Zen | Tsen | Dzen |
| 曾 | 崠 | ~{Tx~} | ㄗㄥ | Zeng | Tseng | Dzeng |
| 扎 | 崨 | ~{Tz~} | ㄓㄚ | Zha | Cha | Ja |
| 摘 | 晡 | ~{U*~} | ㄓㄞ | Zhai | Chai | Jai |
| 占 | 梩 | ~{U<~} | ㄓㄢ | Zhan | Chan | Jan |
| 張 | 桲 | ~{UE~} | ㄓㄤ | Zhang | Chang | Jang |
| 召 | 欸 | ~{UY~} | ㄓㄠ | Zhao | Chao | Jau |
| 遮 | 殑 | ~{UZ~} | ㄓㄜ | Zhe | Che | Je |
| 珍 | 湴 | ~{Ud~} | ㄓㄣ | Zhen | Chen | Jen |
| 正 | 淏 | ~{U}~} | ㄓㄥ | Zheng | Cheng | Jeng |
| 之 | 眳 | ~{V.~} | ㄓ | Zhi | Chih | Jr |
| 中 | 笢 | ~{VP~} | ㄓㄨㄥ | Zhong | Chung | Jung |
| 州 | 笣 | ~{V]~} | ㄓㄡ | Zhou | Chou | Jou |
| 朱 | 紾 | ~{Vl~} | ㄓㄨ | Zhu | Chu | Ju |
| 抓 | 蚰 | ~{W%~} | ㄓㄨㄚ | Zhua | Chua | Jwa |
| 拽 | 蚹 | ~{W'~} | ㄓㄨㄞ | Zhuai | Chuai | Jwai |
| 專 | 蚳 | ~{W(~} | ㄓㄨㄢ | Zhuan | Chuan | Jwan |
| 妝 | 衒 | ~{W1~} | ㄓㄨㄤ | Zhuang | Chuang | Jwang |
| 隹 | 鶹 | ~{v?~} | ㄓㄨㄟ | Zhui | Chui | Jwei |
| 准 | 袧 | ~{W<~} | ㄓㄨㄣ | Zhun | Chun | Jwun |
| 卓 | 袗 | ~{W?~} | ㄓㄨㄛ | Zhuo | Cho | Jwo |
| 子 | 赽 | ~{WS~} | ㄗ | Zi | Tzu | Dz |
| 宗 | 跁 | ~{WZ~} | ㄗㄨㄥ | Zong | Tsung | Dzung |
| 鄒 | 軜 | ~{W^~} | ㄗㄡ | Zou | Tsou | Dzou |
| 租 | 逤 | ~{Wb~} | ㄗㄨ | Zu | Tsu | Dzu |
| 鑽 | 郰 | ~{Wj~} | ㄗㄨㄢ | Zuan | Tsuan | Dzwan |
| 嘴 | 郲 | ~{Wl~} | ㄗㄨㄟ | Zui | Tsui | Dzwei |
| 尊 | 郬 | ~{Wp~} | ㄗㄨㄣ | Zun | Tsun | Dzwun |
| 作 | 釬 | ~{Ww~} | ㄗㄨㄛ | Zuo | Tso | Dzwo |
Additional Points
The above table deals with the phonetic symbols employed to represent the Chinese pronunciation of a character. This is analogous to the many different schemes used in English dictionaries to represent pronunciation (long vowels, short consonants, etc). As we can see from the above table, there are many methods (and many more are not listed above). The most common ones are pinyin (China) and BoPoMoFo (Taiwan). The purpose of this web page is to demonstrate the nearly one-to-one correspondence between these two methods. Personally, I prefer the pinyin method, because I already know my alphabets. Why waste time learning another set of phonetic symbols, especially when they are so nearly equivalent?
Big5 vs. GB Because of the political division of China, there are two major coding schemes: Big5 (mainly in Taiwan) and GB (mainly in mainland China). Do not confuse Big5/GB with the BoPoMoFo/pinyin phonetic representation. The coding scheme is simply a way to represent a character with a number, much like how we represent an alphabet with a number with the ASCII scheme, e.g., 65 for the letter "A". Both coding schemes are based on 4 bytes ( 32 bits) per character. For example, the character of my last name is represented with different numerical values in different coding schemes: Big5, GB (and, for that matter, Japanese, or Korean).
Big5|GB vs. Unicode|HZ To make the matter worse, there exist many coding schemes other than just Big5 and GB. At one time, every Chinese software company seemed to advocate its own proprietary coding scheme. Another fairly common coding scheme, although not as popular as Big5 or GB, is HZ. Then there is Unicode, which is used to express characters/letters of not just Chinese Mandarin, but all sorts of languages, Asian and European alike; thus, the Unicode coding system contains Chinese characters along with many non-Chinsese characters.
Traditional vs. Simplified Style. A completely separate idea (not to be confused with phonetic representation or coding schemes) is the traditional style (which has more strokes for certain characters, favored in Taiwan) versus the simplified style (favored in China). The styles are analogous to different fonts in the US, much like how my wingdings font and my courier font display two different symbols for the same alphabet "A".
Input Method. Another yet completely different concept is the input method. Because the English-based keyboard is what we normally see in the US, we need to adopt that to Chinese. There are many input methods for picking out a specific Chinese character -- I am aware of at least 15 such methods. One of these is pinyin, where you simply type in the alphabet (which I think is the simplest because I am comfortable with typing English with a US keyboard). For example, I would type "w" "a" "n" "g"; about 15 characters pop up on my screen; and I pick out the character that corresponds to my last name. The BoPoMoFo method is similar in that each key maps into a phonetic symbol. There are many mappings for BoPoMoFo, one such mapping is shown here. There are sufficient number of keys on a US keyboard for each of the 37 BoPoMoFo phonetic symbols. Other input methods are based on pronunciation in other dialects (such as Cantonese, rather than Mandarin), radicals (bu4shou3), number of strokes, the type of strokes at four corners of the character (si4jiao3hao4ma3), the shape of the character (cang1jie2), ..., even English equivalent. For example, my last name translates to "king" in English; thus, when I employ the last input method, I type "king" on my US keyboard; a number of Chinese characters or phrases that correspond to "king" in meaning pop up on my screen; and I choose the correct one. As for me -- well, I hardly ever type in Chinese -- but when I do, I do most of my input with pinyin. Without exception, everyone I know who masters both BoPoMoFo and pinyin prefers pinyin, just like myself. I occasionally switch to other methods, when I, for example, do not know the pronunciation of the character that I am trying to type.
Directionality. Western languages are written in horizontal lines left-to-right. However, certain languages (such as Hebrew and Arabic) are written in horizontal lines right-to-left. Chinese languages (and those with a strong Chinese influence such as Japanese and Korean) are traditionally written in vertical lines (top-to-bottom) arranged right-to-left. However, this tradition is not commonly practiced today. China has long changed the directionality to be in line with the Western practice (i.e., horizontal lines left-to-right). However, many Taiwanese publications seem to follow no rules. It is typical to see top-to-bottom, right-to-left, and left-to-right conventions all coexist on the same page in a newspaper. This can cause serious confusions, especially when the phrases are sufficiently short such that both directions make perfect sense, but convey completely different meanings. For example, with my name read in an opposite direction, I become another equally plausible person: a new Southern King, which of course I am not.
There are many permutations of the above concepts. To make the matter worse, there are people who mix already messy Chinese schemes with other languages that also employ Chinese characters (such as Japanese and Korean). Such is the sad state of things when a country that should be united remains divided, and ordinary folks like I pay for the resulting chaos. I wrote this web page in an attempt to reduce such misunderstandings.
Return to Prof. Nam Sun Wang's Home Page
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PinYin and BoPoMoFo ZhuYin Equivalence
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How to Input Chinese in English Windows
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| Online Chinese Input Tool | New Concept Chinese | SAT II Chinese | Chinese School |
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| = Good News = You don't need to install the Chinese Input Software to input Chinese! We have provided an online tool, which allows you to enter Chinese characters through your web browser with the popular pinyin input method. Please take a try on our web-based free online Chinese input tool. | |||||
| How to Input Chinese in English Windows
1. Installation 1.1.1 Installation on English Winows 9x 1.1.2 Installation on English WIN2000
1.2 Installation of Microsoft Pinyin Input Method 1.2.1 Installation on English Windows 9x 1.2.2 Installation on English WIN2000
1.2.3 Installation on English Windows XP
1.2.4 Installation on English Windows Vista
2. Summary
2.2 Microsoft pinyin Input Method
3. Platforms Supported
4.1.1 Shift between Chinese and English
4.1.2 Shift between Quanjiao and Banjiao
4.1.3 Inputting Chinese Punctuation Marks
 4.1.4 There are 13 kinds of soft keyboards provided in the Chinese input method built-in Windows 98.
4.1.5 Set up input method
4.1.6 Word Association (Ciyu Lianxiang)
4.1.7 Inputting words and expressions
4.1.8 Zhujian Tishi
4.1.9 Set up Shougong Zaoci (Manually Making up Words)
4.2 Microsoft Pinyin Input Method 4.2.1 To activate the input method
4.2.2 Banjiao / Quanjiao
Under Quanjiao model, all symbols and figures input are Chines symbols and figures of two bits. 4.2.3 To input Chinese punctuation marks
4.2.4 Traditional Chinese input condition The system supports inputting both Simplified and Traditional Chinese characters. Click on the above icon on input bar and the input condition will be shifted to Traditional Chinese. Type the Pinyin of a sentence, you will get the sentence in Traditional Chinese characters. Example: 4.2.5 Incomplete Input The system supports incomplete input of Pinyin. Users can type only the consonants of Pinyin so as to reduce strokes times.
4.2.6 Ciyu (Word) input pattern The system supports both whole sentence input pattern and word input pattern. In whole sentence input pattern, the input unit is a sentence, i.e. users may type the Pinyin of the whole sentence and correct the mistakes before confirming the sentence. In word input pattern, the input unit is a word. Pressing the Space key will end inputting a word. Users may confirm the words they input one by one.
4.2.7 To modify the incorrect characters When users input a succession of Chinese Pinyin, Microsoft Pinyin input method will automatically choose the best result by considering the context. However, the automatically displayed result may not be what users expect. Users may modify the incorrect characters by selecting from the alternative characters/words. In addition, there are some operating techniques.
4.2.8 South Fuzzy Pronunciation For those users whose pronunciation is not accurate, the system also provides support to South Fuzzy Pronunciation input.
4.2.9 Special character 4.2.10 Tips 4.2.10.1 Tips on modifying incorrect characters
4.2.10.2 Tips on "Guangbiao Gensui"
4.2.10.3 Zero initial consonant and syllable separating mark There are some characters with zero initial consonant, i.e. without consonant, such as "奥ao4, 欧ou1" etc. When typing the Pinyin of these characters, you may use syllable separating mark to make the input faster. For example, when you type "皮袄Pi Ao", you may add a space between "pi" and "ao" to avoid modification. 4.2.10.4 Tips on confirmation
4.2.10.5 Input Efficiency In order to utilize Microsoft pinyin input method more effectively, users should understand the following features.
4.2.10.6 Select the first word in the alternatives window Under the "Zhujian Tishi" state (i.e. display character on typing each pinyin), press [Space] to finish the input of pinyin. When "Zhujian Tishi" is not on, press [space] to select the first word. | |||||
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